Enhanced WDM-OFDM-PON System Based on Higher Data Transmitted with Modulation Technique

ABSTRACT:- Studies among the field communication system existing technique and proposes and by experimentation demonstrate a multiuser wavelengthdivision-multiplexing passive optical network (WDM-PON) system combining with orthogonal frequency division multiple (OFDM) technique. A tunable multiwavelength optical comb is intended to provide flat optical lines for helping the configuration of the multiple source-free optical network units WDM-OFDM-PON system supported normal single-mode fiber (SSMF). In WDM based on fiber, optical network communications using wavelength with multiplex or demultiplex may be a technology that multiplexes a variety of optical carrier signals onto one fiber by victimization completely different wavelengths of optical device lightweight. this system allows bidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, also as multiplication of capability and calculate BER (Bit Error Rate) and OSNR (optical signal noise ratio) finally; a comparison of by experimentation achieved receiver sensitivities and transmission distances victimization these receivers is given. The very best spectral potency and longest transmission distance at the very best bit rate. WDM based applications like transmission data, medical imaging data, and digital audio data and video conferencing data are information measure-intensive with the Advance in optical technology providing verdant bandwidth, it's natural to increase the multicast construct to optical networks so as to realize increased performance. Our projected scheme (PGA) based on information load transmitted capability improve supported higher information transmitted over these channels and high data up to develop in Matlab tool and using optical Interleaved the OFDM model and analysis the performance of the WDM-PON system

Labourers Migrating to the Construction Sector in the State of Haryana: An Analysis of Push and Pull Factors

Migration is a global phenomenon which has a vital role in any region’s economic development. This study examines the major push and pull factors of the migration of labourers towards the construction sector of the state of Haryana. Alongside this, the study also sheds light on the socio‐economic conditions of migrant labourers. For this purpose, the study was conducted among 200 migrant labourers engaged in the construction sector of Hisar, Rohtak, Panipat, and Kurukshetra districts of Haryana, with the help of a well-designed questionnaire. It has been found that among the pull factors— higher wages, job opportunities, and consistent work are the major causes of migration. Among push factors, unemployment and low wages are responsible for migration from their native place to their place of destination. Apart from this, wage differences and better living standards also attract labourers to Haryana. So far as improvement in the status of migrants’ is concerned, the study found that the socio-economic status of migrant labourers has improved after they migrated to the state of Haryana

Comparative evaluation of valethamate bromide and hyoscine butyl bromide on cervical dilatation in water buffaloes after detorsion

After detorsion, incomplete cervical dilatation is major cause of dystocia. The present study aimed to investigate the comparative efficacy of valethamate bromide and hyoscine butyl bromide on cervical dilation after detorsion and their effect on haematological and biochemical parameters of torsion detorted water buffaloes. A total of 18 buffaloes were selected for study which were divided into three groups of six animals each. After detorsion by Sharma’s Modified Schaffer’s method, animals with grade I and grade II cervix were selected for the study. Group I (control group) buffaloes were administered with dexamethasone (40 mg, I/M), cloprostenol (500 μg, I/M) and mifex (450 mL, slow I/V) after successful detorsion. Along with these drugs, in group II and group III, valethamate bromide (100 mg, I/M) and hyoscine butyl bromide (160 mg, I/M) were administered, respectively. The cervical dilation rate (CDR) of each group was calculated and compared. Blood samples were collected three times: before detorsion, after treatment and at parturition. Group III (2.17±0.07 cm/h) had significantly higher CDR followed by group II (1.39±0.21 cm/h), and control group (0.47±0.19 cm/h). Serum calcium levels were also elevated after treatment. Both drug combinations were found safe haematologically and biochemically

Synthesis of iron nanoparticles, its characterization and anti-microbial activity assessment

1184-1189We reported the efficacy of the Iron nanoparticles (IONPs) and assessed two different approaches for the synthesis of IONPs i.e. Polyol and co-precipitation method and further, evaluate their antimicrobial properties. Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate salts were reduced with ethylene glycol to obtain IONP and Fe+2 and Fe+3 iron precursor salts were used for co-precipitation reaction that was performed with KOH at optimum heating. Further, synthesized (IONPs) were characterized by hydrodynamic radii measurement done by DLS clearly indicating the size of IONPs is 79.75 nm in polyol based and 135.1 nm in co-precipitation method. The biological efficacy in terms of antimicrobial activity was assessed by the Kirby Bauer method, applied for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. The ZOI values i.e. Zone of inhibition diameter was found to be clearly visible in both S. aureus and E. coli, indicating bactericidal activity. Further growth kinetics studies and bacterial genotoxicity was also assessed. Hence, IONPs synthesized are proposed to have great potential as an antibacterial agent and can be used in drug delivery